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<p>The <b>Joint State Political Directorate</b> , abbreviated as <b>OGPU</b> , was the <a href="page.php?w=secret_police">secret police</a> of the <a href="page.php?w=Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</a> from November 1923 to July 1934, succeeding the <a href="page.php?w=State_Political_Directorate">State Political Directorate</a> (GPU). Responsible to the <a href="page.php?w=Council_of_People%27s_Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a>, the OGPU was headed by <a href="page.php?w=Felix_Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> until 1926, then by <a href="page.php?w=Vyacheslav_Menzhinsky">Vyacheslav Menzhinsky</a></p><p>
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