to adopt Kuwaiti citizenship to keep their economic stronghold in Kuwait. By doing so, the Behbahani and Marafi family maintained substantial economic influence in the country.

In the 1960s, the Ajam community was subjected to xenophobic hate campaigns by Arab nationalists. Some Ajam are stateless. Although present-day Kuwaiti citizens are ethnically diverse (consisting of both Arabs and Ajam), the cultural identity of Ajam is suppressed and marginalized.

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