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metaphysical one: the jiva, conditioned by prior karma, becomes self-aware within the constraints of prakrti. Thus embryology is not presented as isolated biology but as cosmology in miniature. Development in the womb mirrors cosmic evolution: subtle precedes gross, consciousness precedes embodiment, and matter progressively organizes under causal law. This framework does not anticipate molecular embryology, but it demonstrates a coherent integration of metaphysics and observation.The embryology of the Upanishads is compared in detail below:

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