but causing most impact in the Miocene. While the various segments of the Andes have their own uplift histories, as a whole the Andes have risen significantly in last 30 million years (Oligocene-present).

Orogeny by segment

Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela (12° N-3° S)

Tectonic blocks of continental crust that had separated from northwestern South America in the Jurassic re-joined the continent in the Late

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