addition, subtraction) and when it is a novel stimulus. Abstract-concept learning has three criteria to rule out any alternative explanations to define the novelty of the stimuli. One transfer stimuli has to be novel to the individual. This means it needs to be a new stimulus to the individual. Two, there is no replication of the transfer stimuli. Third and lastly, to have a full abstract learning experience, there has to be an equal amount of baseline performance and transfer performance.

Binder, Westbury, McKiernan, Possing, and Medler