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are based in Scandinavia. The third generation uses prefabricated, pre-insulated pipes, which are directly buried into the ground, and operates with lower temperatures, usually below 100 °C. A primary motivation for building these systems was security of supply by improving the energy efficiency after the two oil crises led to disruption of the oil supply. Therefore, those systems usually used coal, biomass and waste as energy sources, in preference to oil. In some systems, geothermal energy

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