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and others, on the Abkhazian coast, such as Savastopoli (Sukhumi), or on the Ukrainian coast, such as Salmastro or Moncastro (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), Ginestra (now part of Odesa).

In 1275, Genoese nobleman Manuele Zaccaria received the twin towns of Old and New Phocaea from the Byzantine Empire. Later in 1304, the

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