learn their warning coloration. Calling a₁ and a₂ the total numbers of two unprofitable prey species, Müller then argued that, if the species are completely unalike they each lose n individuals. However, if they resemble each other,

then species 1 loses individuals,and species 2 loses individuals.

Species 1 therefore gainsand species 2 similarly gains in absolute numbers of individuals not killed.

The proportional gain compared to the total population of species 1 isand similarly for species 2, giving

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