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over their tendency to conscript naturalized US citizens visiting their former homelands. In addition, many 19th-century European immigrants to the United States eventually returned to their homelands after naturalizing as US citizens and in some cases then attempted to use their US citizenship for diplomatic protection. The US State Department had to decide which US citizens it should protect and which were subject to local law, resulting in tensions with immigrant communities in the US and European governments. In 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant,

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