Long Depression of 1873-1896, a prolonged period of price deflation punctuated by severe business downturns, which put pressure on governments to promote home industry, leading to the widespread abandonment of free trade among Europe's powers (in Germany from 1879 and in France from 1881).

Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 sought to destroy the competition between the powers by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion

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