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Ali's Iraqi army and Mu'awiya's Syrian forces, which resulted in a stalemate and inconclusive arbitration, a faction of Ali's erstwhile supporters, known as the Kharijites, seceded and rebelled against both sides, opposing his decision to arbitrate with Mu'awiya. Following Ali's assassination by a Kharijite dissident in 661, Mu'awiya invaded Iraq with his Syrian army and compelled Ali's eldest son and successor Hasan--who had

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