taking opposing positions. Alongside the question of who Rollo was, historians disputed the meaning of terms such as "Norwegians" and "Danes" in medieval sources and the extent to which the Norman settlement should be regarded as Norwegian or Danish.

The debate was initiated by the Danish historian Johannes Steenstrup, whose central argument rested on the explicit claims of the French chronicler Dudo of Saint-Quentin that Rollo was Danish. While British, French, and Norwegian scholars have generally accepted the Norwegian-Icelandic tradition,