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have been applied to estimate the timeframe of the Sangoan. Thermally-transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) has been used to date sediments associated with the Early to Middle Stone Age (ESA-MSA) transition, yielding a range of approximately 455 ± 103 to 39 ± 2 thousand years ago (ka BP). While these dates frame the broader ESA-MSA shift, lithic assemblages specifically attributed to the Sangoan or early Lupemban industries are more narrowly constrained to between 500

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