in various thermodynamic states, for example, in states close to equilibrium, nonequilibrium and strongly nonequilibrium.

In 2010, Boris Dobroborsky (Israel, Russia) proposed a classification of thermodynamic systems according to internal processes consisting in energy redistribution (passive systems) and energy conversion (active systems).

Passive systems

If there is a temperature difference inside the thermodynamic system, for example in a rod, one end of which is warmer than the other, then thermal energy transfer

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