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models for the 2D topological insulator (also known as the quantum spin Hall insulators) were proposed by Charles L. Kane and Eugene J. Mele in 2005, and also by B. Andrei Bernevig and Shoucheng Zhang in 2006. The topological invariant was constructed and the importance of the time reversal symmetry was clarified in the work by Kane and Mele. Subsequently, Bernevig, Taylor L. Hughes

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