with the hyoplastra behind them. These enclose the singular entoplastron. These make up the front half of the plastron and the hyoplastron contains the anterior bridge strut. The posterior half is made up of two hypoplastra (containing the posterior bridge strut) and the rear is a pair of xiphiplastra.

Overlying the boney elements are a series of scutes, which are made of keratin and are very similar to horn or nail tissue. In the center of the carapace are five vertebral scutes, and out from these are