natural harbour, remained a tempting target for Spain's enemies.

In 1643, the Dutch arrived at the ruins and settled in the zone, planning to use Valdivia as a base for attacks on the Spanish Empire. After some conflicts with the Mapuche Indians of the zone, the Dutch had to leave Valdivia.

Re-establishment of Spanish rule

Unaware of the Dutch departure Governor of Chile Francisco López de Zúñiga

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