precarious. When finally gaining possession of the place, the Maccabeans pointedly destroyed and razed the Acra, though they constructed another citadel for their own use in a different part of Jerusalem.

400-1600

At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the citadel - having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls - was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered.

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