into one Mg²⁺ ion and two Cl^- ions, so that if ionization is complete, i = 3 and , where is calculated with moles of solute i times initial moles and moles of solvent same as initial moles of solvent before dissociation. The measured colligative properties show that i is somewhat less than 3 due to ion association.

Boiling point and freezing point

Addition of solute to form a solution stabilizes the solvent in the liquid phase, and lowers the solvent's chemical potential

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