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(PMR) media has major implications for the write process and the write element of the head structure but less so for the MR read sensor of the head structure.

AMR heads

The introduction of the AMR head in 1990 by IBM led to a period of rapid areal density increases of about 100% per year.

GMR heads

In 1997 GMR, giant magnetoresistive heads started to replace AMR heads.

Since the 1990s, a number of studies have been done on the effects of colossal magnetoresistance

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