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<p>of <a href="page.php?w=charge_carrier">charge carrier</a>s crossing the base region is inaccurate when the base region is simply treated as a lumped element.  A more successful model is a simplified transmission line model, which includes the base material's distributed bulk resistance and the substrate's distributed capacitance.  This model is represented in Figure 2.</p>

<p><big>Resistivity measurements</big></p>
<p>In many situations, it is desired to measure <a href="page.php?w=resistivity">resistivity</a> of bulk material by applying an <a href="page.php?w=electrode_array">electrode array</a></p><p>
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