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or periodontitis.

Mechanical

Fracture occurs due to the forces exerted on the dental unit. The enamel is splintering:

* trauma/ injury eg after an unfortunate fall, bump or contusion of the jaw;

* Parafunctional habits eg grinding of teeth and a bad habit of chewing on hard things, such as ice cubes, pens, etc.;

* Expansion over time of the silver amalgam creates stress in the body of the dental unit. This process contributes to chipping and even deep longitudinal cracking, up to and including breaking

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