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and the typical tonic-clonic activity, which involves muscle stiffening (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic jerking (clonic phase).

Clinical features

The symptoms of focal seizures depend on which brain regions are affected and how seizure activity propagates through neural networks. While focal seizures are classified by consciousness and evolution (preserved, impaired, or focal to bilateral tonic-clonic), their clinical presentation is captured using semiological descriptors, as outlined in the ILAE 2025 classification.

Motor phenomena

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