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In 1913, Ernst Zermelo published Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels (On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess), which proved that the optimal chess strategy is strictly determined.

Foundation

The work of John von Neumann established game theory as its own independent field in the early-to-mid 20th century, with von Neumann publishing

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