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of the invasions talk of iron and bamboo pào causing "light and fire" and emitting 2-3,000 iron bullets. The Nihon Kokujokushi, written around 1300, mentions huotong (fire tubes) at the Battle of Tsushima in 1274 and the second coastal assault led by Holdon in 1281. The Hachiman Gudoukun of 1360 mentions iron pào "which caused a flash of light and a loud noise when fired." The Taiheki of 1370 mentions "iron pào shaped like a bell." Mongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to Java during their 1293 invasion.

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