Besides these, it also occurs in the roots of certain words and names, such as ??? and its derivatives (e.g. ?????? , ???????? , ??u???? , etc.), as well as ???? , ????? , ????? , and so on.

In modern publications of ancient Greek texts, the mute iotas of long diphthongs are considered obligatory. There is some variation in how they are represented, but the iota subscript is typically used. In some editions of classical or (especially) pre-classical