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so there are only 2 rotational degrees of freedom which can vary the atomic coordinates.

An equivalent argument is that the rotation of a linear molecule changes the direction of the molecular axis in space, which can be described by 2 coordinates corresponding to latitude and longitude. For a nonlinear molecule, the direction of one axis is described by these two coordinates, and the orientation of the molecule about this axis provides a third rotational coordinate.

The number of vibrational modes is therefore 3 minus the number

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