projected area.

In general L_e,? is a function of viewing direction, depending on ? through cos ? and azimuth angle through . For the special case of a Lambertian surface, is proportional to cos ?, and L_e,? is isotropic (independent of viewing direction).

When calculating the radiance emitted by a source, A refers to an area on the surface of the source, and ? to the solid angle into which the light is emitted. When calculating

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