the 17th century, René Descartes (1596-1650) proposed ontological arguments similar to those of Anselm. In his Fifth Meditation, Descartes argues that the idea of a supremely perfect being entails its existence, on the grounds that necessary existence is a defining attribute of such a being.

Two commonly cited formulations of Descartes' ontological argument are as follows:

Version A

* Whatever is clearly and distinctly

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