except that research professors in the U.S. are often non-permanent positions that must fund their salaries from external sources. This is not the case in most other countries.

Independent scholars

An independent scholar is anyone who conducts scholarly research outside universities and traditional academia. In 2010, twelve percent of US history scholars were independent. The University of British Columbia's website states that to be 'recognized as a scholar', a Master's degree or PhD is 'generally expected' but exceptions

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