governed by intelligent decision-making and organisational interaction. This may entail some form of artificial intelligence in order to:
** handle incomplete and non-deterministic interactions
** cooperation and competition between members of organizations
** richer interaction through sharing of context, semantics and goals, etc.

However, it is hard to fix a closed set of properties that define all ubiquitous computing devices because of the sheer range and variety of ubiquitous computing research and applications. Rather