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in Ireland was boosted in 851 with the arrival of a large group known as "dark foreigners" - a contentious term used to refer to the newly arrived Vikings, as opposed to the "fair foreigners", i.e., the Viking population which was resident prior to this influx. A kingdom in Viking Scotland was established by the mid ninth-century, and it exerted control over some of the Vikings in Ireland. By 853 a separate kingdom of Dublin had been set up which claimed

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