primary policy toward Europe, throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While of secondary importance, it was a tool that was used to manipulate the Middle Eastern attempt to play off the Western powers against each other. Berlin peacefully made inroads into the Ottoman Empire and had few colonial aspirations in the region.

Trouble in Persia

In 1905, revolutionary activity spread throughout Tehran, forcing Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar

1.Previous
3.Next