present chakra and kundalini-style yoga theories although these words appear in the earliest Vedic literature in many contexts. The chakra in the sense of four or more vital energy centers appear in the medieval era Hindu and Buddhist texts.

The 10th century Kubjikamatatantra describes a system of five chakras which serve as the seats of five sets of divine female beings, namely the Devis, the Dutis, the Matrs, the Yoginis and the