In some cases, it may extend to honorary titles awarded to (for example) prominent chess administrators, business patrons or politicians. Since the introduction of the FIDE Master (FM) title in 1978, some federations such as those of Ireland and Germany have ceased awarding National Master titles, apparently regarding them as obsolete.

Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, the Master title was conferred by the federal government and was connected to the title of Master of Sport.

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