a republic in 1958. In the modern era, Iraq has faced significant challenges, including the rule of Saddam Hussein, the United-States-led 2003 invasion of Iraq, and subsequent efforts to rebuild the country amidst sectarian violence and the rise of the Islamic State. Despite these difficulties, Iraq plays a vital role in the geopolitics of the Middle East.

Prehistory

Between 65,000 BC and 35,000 BC,

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