not spare multiple HAL ships, and the line lost five ships totalling over 30,000 GRT. Two German mines sank SS Eemdijk in 1915, and in 1916 sank SS Blommersdijk. In February 1917, sank an entire Dutch convoy including the SS Noorderdijk and SS Zaandijk.

During the war, Dutch capitalists progressively purchased large shares of HAL from IMM and its subsidiaries. By 1917, these investors had successfully acquired half of IMM's shares in Holland America Line for over $3.5 million. In 1918, American president