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mere mask for vanity and pride. On the other he was a 'materialist' who helped found modern economics. He tried to demonstrate the universality of human appetites for corporeal pleasures. He argued that the efforts of self-seeking entrepreneurs are the basis of emerging commercial and industrial society, a line of thought that influenced Adam Smith (1723-1790) and 19th-century utilitarianism. The tension between these two approaches, modes, ambivalences and contradictions--concerning

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