the surface as well as making tunneling of electrons from the tip to vacuum level more feasible.

Condenser/illumination optics are used to focus electrons leaving the electron gun and manipulate and/or translate the illumination electron beam. Electromagnetic quadrupole electron lenses are used, the number of which depends on how much resolution and focusing flexibility the designer wishes. However, the ultimate resolution of LEEM is usually determined by that of the objective lens.

Illumination beam aperture allows researchers

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