and TLR9. Microbes can be degraded into antigens, which are then loaded onto MHC molecules and presented to T-cells, a critical part of immune defense. Additionally, lysosomal enzymes can trigger lysosomal-mediated programmed cell death (LM-PCD) if released into the cytoplasm.

To maintain their acidic environment, lysosomes pump protons (H+ ions) from mitochondria into the lysosomal lumen via a proton