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the image of a Neanderthal as an unintelligent, violent, or apelike creature that deserved to be replaced by modern humans. The idea that Neanderthals were a violent, distinct species inferior to modern humans originated earlier, notably with William King (1864), following the initial 1856 Neandertal Valley find (1856), who named Homo neanderthalensis and immediately contrasted the species with Homo sapiens and placed it low on the evolutionary ladder, implicating

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