in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief. White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. In 1897, both publications passed to the management of Villard's son, Oswald Garrison Villard, a founding member of the NAACP; he was also a founder of the American Anti-Imperialist League.

20th century

Villard sold the newspaper in 1918 following widespread

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