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Roberts et al. (2013) found that among participants aged 23 to 30, 26% of those who were gender nonconforming experienced depressive symptoms, compared with 18% of those who were gender conforming. Treatment for gender identity disorders (GID; now known as gender dysphoria), including cases involving gender variance, has been a topic of controversy since the 1980s. Hill, Carfagnini and Willoughby (2007), citing Bryant (2004), suggest that treatment protocols for these children and adolescents, especially

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