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opportunities, most craft and trade guilds were male-dominated, typically allowing women to enter only through marriage or as widows or daughters of masters and generally excluding them from guild offices. Nonetheless, evidence from England and the rest of the continent shows that women did engage widely in guild life, silkwomen from London could inherit property and run businesses, and Étienne Boileau's Livre des métiers records several Parisian guilds as female monopolies, with others open to women such as surgeons and glass-blowers. In Rouen

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