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from hill forts. They are often described as 'the first cities north of the Alps', though earlier examples of urbanism in temperate Europe are also known. The 2nd and 1st centuries BC places them in the period known as La Tène. A notional minimum size of 15 to 25 ha has often been suggested, but that is flexible and fortified sites as small as 2 ha have been described as oppida. However, the term is not always rigorously used, and it has been used to refer

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