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lens, portraying it as an expression of status anxiety and irrationalism. A parallel trend unfolded in Latin America, where scholars--often influenced by Marxist frameworks--began to investigate populism as a political phenomenon tied to modernization, mass mobilization, and developmentalist ideologies. Despite the growing interest, scholarly consensus on the definition of populism remained elusive. Notably, a 1967 conference at the London School of Economics that brought together many of the

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