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seaports. Spanish and Portuguese Catholics welcomed these traders for manifold reasons, including church exemption of cod from the fasting and abstinence mandated for Lent, Advent, and myriad saint remembrance days. Newfoundland and New England ships then carried Iberian wine "sacks", olive oil, dried fruit, tobacco, and substantial volumes of Iberian specie, mined by indigenous captives in Cerro Rico

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