these may develop into oral stereotypies such as sucking, licking or biting inanimate objects, and by tongue rolling and tongue playing. "Purposeless oral activity" occupies 15% of the time in crated calves but only 2-3% in group-housed calves.

Increased disease susceptibility

Veal calves' dietary intake of iron was restricted to achieve a target haemoglobin concentration of around 4.6mmol/L; normal concentration of haemoglobin in the blood

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