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presented significant challenges, especially during the rainy season, when the Orontes and the streams descending from Mount Silpius regularly flooded the city and surrounding farmland. Attempts to control the water through a complex network of drains, conduits, aqueducts, and dams failed over centuries; the deposition of alluvial material became so great that the island in the river disappeared and the city itself was buried metres-deep. Antioch, straddling the northern Dead Sea Rift

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