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the same time, further to the south, neighbouring Carantania, Carniola and southeastern Pannonian regions (Lower Pannonia) were left under the jurisdiction of king Pepin of Italy. Those regions were governed as frontier territories and dependencies of the Carolingian Duchy of Friuli. Thus, at the beginning of the 9th century, Frankish possessions in Pannonia were governed from two centers: Frankish

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